Comment fonctionne un VPN ?

How a Standard Internet Connection Works

A standard internet connection sends data from your device to the internet via your Internet Service Provider (ISP). This data packet contains:

• A header
• A payload (the actual data being transferred)

The header includes information such as:

• The IP address of the original device
• The destination

If you’re using HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), the payload is encrypted—but the header remains visible. This means your IP address is still accessible to:

• Your ISP
• The websites or services you interact with

This allows them to block content based on your IP address location or build a profile of your activity for targeted marketing.

What Changes When You Use a VPN

While there are various types of VPNs, they all insert an intermediary step into this process to improve security and privacy. When using a VPN:

• All data leaving your device is encrypted
• The encrypted data still travels through your ISP, but they can no longer see the content or destination

The Role of the VPN Server

The data is routed to a remote VPN server, where it is decrypted and forwarded to the intended website or service. The source IP address becomes the VPN server’s IP, not yours. This masks your IP address and location, adding a layer of anonymity and security.

The response from the website follows the same route:

1. Sent back to the VPN server
2. Encrypted again
3. Then returned to your device

VPN Protocols and Tunneling

When you connect to a VPN server:

• The connection is authenticated
• Data is encrypted and transferred through a secure tunnel

All of this is managed by the VPN protocol in use.

VPN Use Cases

Typical use cases of VPNs include:

• Providing Secure Remote Access: VPNs allow employees to access internal resources from outside the office. Remote or hybrid workers can use a VPN to make a secure connection to the company’s private network over the public internet, encrypting all data.
• Connecting Multiple Office Locations: VPNs provide a secure and cost-effective method of connecting different branch locations over the internet. Businesses can enable seamless data sharing and centralized resource access by creating a site-to-site VPN tunnel between offices.
• Complying with Regulations: VPN encryption helps organizations in regulated industries to comply with data privacy requirements. Data shared with users or third parties outside the network is automatically encrypted using a VPN.
• Supporting Global Operations: By changing IP addresses, VPN users can access geo-restricted content wherever they are located. This helps support businesses with global operations for testing regional websites, consistent platform access, or performing international market research.

The Benefits of Using a VPN

Un RVP est conçu pour créer un tunnel crypté entre deux points. Les deux postes disposent d'une clé secrète partagée, qui leur permet de crypter leur trafic sortant et de décrypter le trafic entrant. Cette clé secrète partagée peut être dérivée du mot de passe de l'utilisateur ou d'un protocole de partage de clés. Les mécanismes exacts dépendent du protocole RVP utilisé.

Quels sont les avantages d'une connexion RVP ?

L'objectif d'un RVP est de fournir aux employés un accès à distance sécurisé aux ressources de l'entreprise. Voici quelques-uns des avantages d'une connexion RVP :

• Sécurité des données : Les VPN cryptent le trafic entre un travailleur à distance et le réseau de l'entreprise. Cela permet de protéger leur trafic contre les écoutes clandestines et les attaques de type MitM.
• Une plus grande visibilité : Les utilisateurs distants peuvent accéder directement à Internet et aux ressources de l'organisation basées sur cloud. Avec un RVP, tout le trafic passe par le réseau de l'entreprise, ce qui permet à l'organisation d'inspecter et de sécuriser ce trafic.
• Sécurité du périmètre : Un RVP achemine le trafic des utilisateurs distants à l'intérieur du périmètre du réseau de l'entreprise. Cela permet à l'organisation de les protéger et de gérer leur trafic avec les solutions existantes basées sur le périmètre.
• Adressage local : Avec un RVP, les utilisateurs distants sont traités comme s'ils disposaient d'une connexion directe au réseau de l'entreprise. Cela permet à une organisation d'utiliser l'adressage local pour tous les utilisateurs, qu'ils soient sur place ou à distance.

Un RVP est-il sûr ?

Les protocoles et systèmes de cybersécurité sont souvent évalués sur la base de la "Triade de la CIA". Il s'agit de la capacité du système à fournir :

• Confidentialité : Protection des données sensibles contre un accès non autorisé. L'objectif premier d'un PVR est d'assurer la confidentialité par l'utilisation du chiffrement.
• Intégrité : Protection des données contre les modifications non autorisées. Une PVR peut fournir une protection de l'intégrité si elle utilise un algorithme cryptographique d'authentification.
• Disponibilité : Garantir que le système reste disponible pour les utilisateurs. Les VPN posent certains problèmes de disponibilité car ils nécessitent une certaine quantité de bande passante et le poste distant doit disposer de la capacité nécessaire pour prendre en charge le trafic d'un utilisateur.

VPN vs. Alternative Remote Access Solutions

There are alternative remote access solutions you can implement to achieve higher security.

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA)

ZTNA is a security framework that removes implicit trust to continually verify and authenticate user identity.

Business attack surfaces are expanding as more organizations utilize a mix of hybrid cloud and on-premises infrastructure. This means broad network access, as provided by VPNs, introduces new security risks that require additional controls beyond encryption.

ZTNA and least-privilege access (providing only the access needed for a given role) help limit attack surfaces by:

• Allowing users access only to specific systems
• Preventing lateral movement within networks
• Reducing the severity of a data breach, since attackers struggle to compromise more systems

ZTNA also promotes strong authentication and authorization processes by:

• Routing access requests through an access broker
• Granting access only to the specific application needed
• Avoiding the full network access typically granted via VPNs

Given how VPNs work, users are often provided with blanket access. In contrast, ZTNA offers more controlled, application-level access that prioritizes security and limits the impact of attacks.

Secure Access Service Edge (SASE)

SASE combines the connectivity of a Wide Area Network (WAN) with a range of security technologies and frameworks, including:

• Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA)
• Courtier en sécurité pour l’accès au cloud (CASB)
• Passerelle Web sécurisée (SWG)
• Firewall-as-a-Service (FWaaS)

Delivered as a single, cloud-based solution, SASE unifies networking and security capabilities for simpler operations. While VPNs are best suited to on-premises IT architectures and providing external users with internal access, SASE:

• Distributes functionality across the cloud
• Delivers services at the network edge

SASE is designed for the needs of modern workloads, where traffic is increasingly directed to:

• SaaS applications
• Other cloud services, rather than on-prem data centers

Its security architecture ensures:

• Consistent security policies
• Access control, regardless of user location or the service/application in use

Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)

An SD-WAN offers a software alternative to managing the infrastructure needed to connect multiple branch locations or provide remote access. Rather than controlling network access by adjusting network devices, it achieves this through centralized software. This enables dynamic routing based on:

• Application needs
• Bandwidth availability
• Security policies

While SD-WANs are a networking framework and not a security tool like a VPN, they often provide security capabilities as well as connectivity.

This includes encryption without some of the performance limitations of a VPN tunnel.

What Should You Consider When Choosing a VPN?

While there are alternatives that enable remote network access, VPNs remain a widely supported and easy-to-implement option. When choosing a VPN for your business, there are a number of factors you need to consider.

The most prominent factors include:

• Network Scale: The number of employees and locations that make up your business. You need to understand the scale of your operations and find the right VPN provider for your needs. For example, how many staff work remotely, at least some of the time? Where are your centralized resources stored? How many locations do you need to connect using site-to-site VPNs?
• Security: The main security factor to consider is VPN encryption. Look for solutions that rely on strong, modern encryption standards. Beyond encryption, there is a range of other VPN security features vendors provide. These include authentication, kill switches, leak protection, and malware blocking.
• Speed: Defined by the VPN protocol and the number and location of VPN servers operated by the vendor. Network speeds impact user experience, so consider VPNs that have a minimal impact on latency.
• Integration: How the VPN integrates with the existing IT infrastructure and user devices. This depends on the VPN protocol’s compatibility with operating systems, browser extensions, cloud environments, and other security tools.
• Management: Whether or not the VPN is easy to use and provides comprehensive visibility into network connections.

Stay Secure with Quantum Remote Access VPN

Check Point’s Quantum Remote Access VPN offers high-level security and fast network speeds regardless of the scale of your operations and your existing infrastructure. With a simple user experience, employees can quickly set up Quantum on any device and start accessing internal resources securely.

Plus, IT teams can configure and manage all VPN connections from a single, integrated console.

Security features include:

• Multi-factor authentication.
• Endpoint system compliance scanning.
• Encryption of all transmitted data using IPSec or SSL.

Request a demo today and learn more about Check Point’s industry-leading remote access VPN.

Alternatively, consider Harmony SASE to combine VPN benefits and secure remote access with added flexibility and comprehensive security controls.